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- Lee, Robert E.
- --------------------------------
-
- Robert E. Lee, the brilliant commander of Confederate forces during the
- U.S. CIVIL WAR, was one of the most famous and respected soldiers in
- American history. After the defeat of the South, he served as a symbol of
- courage in defeat, embodying the finest elements of the Southern heritage.
-
-
- Early Life and Career.
-
- Robert Edward Lee was born on Jan. 19, 1807, at his family's home,
- "Stratford," in Westmoreland County, Va. His father, Henry "Light Horse
- Harry" Lee (see LEE family), had been a cavalry officer during the American
- Revolution and a close friend of George Washington. Henry was a signer of
- the Declaration of Independence, as was his second cousin Richard Henry
- Lee. Robert E. Lee's mother was Ann Carter.
-
- Henry Lee, a compulsive gambler, lost much of the family wealth in land
- speculation prior to his death in 1818. Robert grew up in genteel poverty
- in Alexandria, Va. Appointed to West Point in 1825, he graduated (1829)
- after compiling an enviable academic record. In 1831, Lee married Mary Ann
- Randolph Custis, great-granddaughter of Martha Washington by her first
- marriage. They had seven children. During the next 30 years he often lived
- at Arlington, the Custis mansion near Washington, D.C.
-
- Commissioned in the Corps of Engineers in 1829, Lee held a variety of
- assignments, helping with construction work at several military posts and
- with river and harbor improvements at Saint Louis. Promotion was slow,
- however, and it was not until 1838 that he was made a captain. In the
- Mexican War, Lee was an engineering officer with Winfield SCOTT's force
- that fought its way to Mexico City. Lee's work at the battles of Cerro
- Gordo, Churubusco, and Chapultepec was outstanding and won for him praise
- and a brilliant reputation. General Scott claimed that the success of the
- war was due in large part to the bravery and skill of Robert E. Lee. From
- 1852 to 1855 he was superintendent at West Point. In 1855 he was made
- lieutenant colonel of the Second Cavalry, and in 1859 he commanded the
- force that suppressed the John BROWN raid on Harpers Ferry.
-
-
- Role in Civil War.
-
- A moderate, Lee was dismayed by the extremists on both sides of the
- North-South controversy in the 1850s. Nevertheless, believing that he owed
- his first loyalty to his own state, he declined an offer to command the
- Federal army, resigned his commission in the U.S. Army, and offered his
- services to Virginia when it seceded in April 1861. Virginia was soon part
- of the Confederacy, and Confederate president Jefferson DAVIS appointed Lee
- a general in the Southern army. After an unsuccessful effort to repel an
- invasion of western Virginia, Lee was sent to prepare Atlantic coastal
- defenses. In March 1862 he returned to Virginia as an advisor to Davis.
- After Joseph E. JOHNSTON was wounded in May 1862 during the PENINSULAR
- CAMPAIGN, Lee became commander of the main Confederate army in Virginia--a
- force that he soon named the Army of Northern Virginia.
-
- When Lee took command, the outlook appeared dim for the Confederacy.
- Federal troops were slowly gaining control of the Mississippi Valley, and a
- large enemy army was within sight of Richmond. In late June, Lee struck at
- the Unionists near Richmond and in the Seven Days' Battles drove them away
- from the capital. In August he defeated a Northern army in the second
- Battle of BULL RUN and chased it into the defenses of Washington, D.C. Lee
- followed up this victory by invading Maryland. During the Battle of
- ANTIETAM (Sept. 17, 1862) he fought a drawn battle with the Federals.
-
- Lee then withdrew to Virginia where he inflicted a costly defeat on his
- opponents at FREDERICKSBURG in December. At CHANCELLORSVILLE (May 1863),
- Lee won his greatest victory and suffered his greatest loss. Boldly
- dividing his army into three parts, Lee assailed a larger Federal force.
- The result was a battle in which the Unionists were thoroughly befuddled
- and driven back with heavy casualties. Southern losses were also high, and
- among them was Lee's greatest lieutenant, Stonewall JACKSON, who died (May
- 10) of complications arising from wounds received a week earlier. Lee was
- unable to replace Jackson and never again achieved the degree of success he
- had won with the cooperation of Jackson.
-
- In the summer of 1863, Lee launched another invasion of the North. In early
- July he attacked a Federal army at Gettysburg, Pa., and was defeated in the
- greatest battle of the war (see GETTYSBURG, BATTLE OF). The Confederates
- fell back into Virginia, and there, in 1864, Lee led them into a series of
- bloody battles against the Northern army, now commanded by Ulysses S.
- GRANT.
-
- Hampered by the loss of many good officers, such as James LONGSTREET
- (wounded May 6) and J.E.B. STUART (mortally wounded May 11), Lee maneuvered
- brilliantly against Grant and inflicted heavy losses on the Federals.
- Unable to seize the offensive, he was pushed back to Richmond and
- Petersburg and forced to defend those cities against a semisiege. Over the
- ensuing months, Lee's strength steadily declined, and Grant finally broke
- through the Southern lines in April 1865. Lee tried to escape with his army
- to join other Confederate forces in North Carolina, but Grant trapped him
- at APPOMATTOX COURT HOUSE and forced him to surrender on Apr. 9. By then
- Lee had become the symbol of the Confederacy (and he had finally been
- appointed general in chief of all Confederate armies in February); when he
- surrendered, other Southern armies soon ceased fighting.
-
-
- Postwar Life and Reputation.
-
- After the war, Lee became president of Washington College (now Washington
- and Lee University) in Lexington, Va. Accepting the results of the war, he
- devoted himself to education and to helping rebuild the South. Lee died on
- Oct. 12, 1870.
-
- Lee had many weaknesses as a general. He was too considerate of others,
- and his politeness sometimes obscured the necessity for quick, total
- obedience to his orders. He entrusted too much discretion to subordinates
- who, except for Jackson, were not capable of handling it. He may not have
- paid sufficient attention to logistics, and he has been accused of devoting
- too much attention to Virginia to the neglect of other areas. Despite these
- weaknesses, many historians maintain that Lee was the most capable
- commander of the Civil War. A great general and a great man, Robert E. Lee
- was a fitting symbol of the South as well as an American hero.
-
-
- Genealogy
-
- 1. John Lee
- +Elizabeth Fowelhurst
- 2. Thomas Lee
- +Alice Ashton
- 3. John Lee
- +Margaret Hockwell
- 4. Benedict Lee
- +Elizabeth Wood
- 5. Richard Lee
- +Elizabeth ?
- 6. Benedict Lee
- +Elizabeth Cheyne
- 7. Robert Lee, b. 1543, d. 20 Aug 1616
- +Lucy Piggott
- 8. Richard Lee
- +Elizabeth Langdon
- 9. Richard Lee, b. 1647, d. 12 Mar 1714
- +Letitia Corbin
- 10. Henry Lee, b. 1692, d. 1747, m. 1723
- +Mary Bland
- 11. Henry Lee, b. 1729
- +Lucy Grimes
- 12. Henry Lee, b. 1736 in VA, d. 1818 in GA
- m. 1793, signer of Dec. of Independence
- +Ann Carter
- 13. Robert E. Lee, b. 19 Jan 1807 in VA, d. 12 Oct 1870
- in VA, m. 30 Jun 1831
- +Mary Ann Custis
-
-
- Bibliography
-
- Bibliography: Connelly, Thomas L., The Marble Man: Robert E. Lee and His Image
- in American Society (1977); Davis, Burke, Gray Fox: Robert E. Lee and the Civil
- War (1956); Dowdey, Clifford, Lee (1965) and, as ed., The Wartime Papers of R.
- E. Lee (1961); Fishwick, Marshall W., Lee After the War (1963; repr. 1973);
- Freeman, Douglas S., R. E. Lee: A Biography, 4 vols. (1934-35), and Lee's
- Lieutenants, 3 vols. (1942-44); Maurice, Frederick, Robert E. Lee, the Soldier
- (1928); Miers, Earle S., Robert E. Lee (1956); Sanborn, Margaret, Robert E.
- Lee, 2 vols. (1966-67).
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